Most degrees of freedom (DOF)
The number of degrees of freedom determines how dexterously a robot manipulates and moves. More DOF means more dexterity — and a harder control problem. Data from humanoidi.eu.
Sorting criterion: Degrees of freedom (descending)
- 1 Protoclone Prototype
PL · 2025
200 DOF — Protoclone, with artificial muscles and a 'skeleton', is the extreme end of dexterity. Biomechanical research rather than a product.
- 2 XPeng Iron Prototype
CN · 2025
82 DOF — Iron, from the electric-car maker XPeng, is among the most dexterous industrial prototypes.
- 3 Ameca Prototype
GB · 2021
61 DOF — Ameca holds the record for facial expression and has been an icon of humanoid robotics since 2021.
- 4 Atlas (electric) Pilot
US · 2025
56 DOF — the electric Atlas combines high dexterity with the highest payload in these rankings.
- 5 Fourier GR-3 Pilot
CN · 2025
55 DOF — the fifth-generation GR-3 is tuned for care and healthcare, where hand dexterity is what matters.
- 6 RobotEra L7 On sale
CN · 2025
55 DOF — the L7 pairs 55 DOF with a record 4 m/s, a rare combination of dexterity and dynamics.
- 7 Fourier GR-2 Pilot
CN · 2024
53 DOF — the GR-2 raised dexterity over the GR-1 and strengthened manipulation for industry and research.
- 8 CASBOT 01 Prototype
CN · 2025
52 DOF — CASBOT 01 (179 cm, 60 kg) targets industry, services and rescue work.